Terrorism breeds fear-mongering. So
does the presidential campaign.
Instilling fear in voters by attacking
government actions, even without providing practical alternatives,
seems to be good politics.
Candidates may threaten to seal off the
country by immigration bans or walls. They engage in saber-rattling
and suggest personal freedoms should be curtailed.
The media sometimes helps spread fear.
One excited and exaggerated example of fear-mongering comes from
former ABC newsman Ted Koppel in his best seller “Lights Out.”
He warns that the American electric power system is so vulnerable to
terrorist attack that the entire country could easily be brought to
its knees.
He forecasts widespread, long-term
outages with people going hungry and freezing in the dark. The
country could become a lawless “Mad Max” wasteland. In short,
Koppel tries to scare us into action.
During the Cold War, many assumed the
almost perfect ability of the Soviet Union to attack a weak America
almost unable to defend itself. Now, Koppel does much the same,
giving relatively little credit to his country's deterrent capacity
or technological strength but attributing much power to the
terrorists.
His solutions include increasing
government control of utilities, adding restrictions on individual
privacy rights, stockpiling survival supplies following the Mormon
example, and saving a rural America where people can live off the
grid. All of these are either drastic, impossible or unwarranted.
He laments that electric industry
restructuring has resulted in hundreds of players – generators,
high voltage transmission companies and local distributors.
Formerly, only a few large utilities controlled the industry. He
fails to recognize that with many independent participants, it is now
more difficult for an opponent to bring down the entire system.
And he ignores completely the local,
consumer-owned utilities, serving about a fifth of all customers.
He decries the existence of both state
and federal jurisdiction over the electric industry. He fails to
recognize that vulnerability exists almost entirely in the
transmission grid, which is solely under federal jurisdiction.
Koppel sees the industry as being
reluctant to take measures mandated by government to protect the
system. Presumably, their profit motive outweighs security concerns.
While there may be some truth to this
view, the government has not allowed itself to be pushed around as
much as he claims. After the 2003 blackout, federal law was adopted
to require, rather than encourage, reliability standards. Admittedly,
there is a contest between the federal regulatory commission and the
industry watchdog, but it is incorrect to imply nothing is happening.
In making his analysis, Koppel seems
happy to rely on anybody who has had a high-ranking title in
government or electric utilities. He gives no evidence of having
spoken with any hands-on grid operator.
He reports that the vulnerability of
the electric system results largely from its dependence on electronic
technology, which can be hacked from almost anywhere. In fact, it
seems reasonable to ask if it will ever be possible to provide
complete security.
The problem, ignored by Koppel, is that
like so much human activity on the computer, there is not enough
back-up. If the grid is taken down by distant saboteurs, he makes it
seem like there is no alternative.
The grid operated for decades without
computers. Instead, human beings flipped switches or manually
started generators. Operators today are reportedly unable to revert
to past practices, because their operating manuals have been trashed.
It would be relatively easy and not
very costly to bring back the capacity for manual operation.
Managers would have be trained and manuals rewritten. The system
would not operate nearly as well as its does today, but the desolate
future Koppel forecasts would not happen.
He never mentions what the industry
calls “distributed generation” – supplying power from small,
local sources that can take blocks of customers off the grid. In
that way, even urban customers could enjoy the benefits of
independence Koppel found in rural Wyoming.
Without regard to the terrorist threat,
distributed generation is on the way. It can help reduce the
environmental impact of the traditional power system and produce
greater efficiency. And it can make good use of small-scale
renewable resources.
As much as his book might seem to make
it so, the United States is not a pitiful, weak giant. It is moving
in the right direction, though it certainly could move faster and
more decisively.
Unlike some candidates, Koppel's
concerns seem to be sincere, if somewhat misguided. His big failure
is how he investigated the story. He reveals clearly that we should
be careful about letting fear prevail over facts.
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